Fiinjiyada molecular-ka, oo ah dareereyaal iyo kiciyeyaal aad waxtar u leh, ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara warshadaha sida kiimikada batroolka, kala soocidda gaaska, iyo soo saarista oksijiinta caafimaadka. Noocyada kala duwan ee shaandhada molecular-ka, oo leh cabbirkooda daloolka gaarka ah iyo sifooyinka kiimikada, ayaa loo habeeyey codsiyada warshadaha kala duwan. Maqaalkani wuxuu bixinayaa hordhac faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan 3A, 4A, 5A, 13X (oo ay ku jiraan 13X HP iyo 13X APG), iyo shaandhada molecular-ka lithium, oo daboolaya qeexitaannadooda, astaamaha, codsiyada, iyo xuduudaha muhiimka ah si ay uga caawiyaan akhristayaasha inay si buuxda u fahmaan waxqabadka gaarka ah ee "shaandhada warshadaha."
Shaandhooyinka molecular-ka waa aluminosilicates crystalline ah oo leh qaab-dhismeedyo microporous ah oo si gaar ah u nuuga molecules-ka iyadoo lagu saleynayo cabbirka iyo kala-goysyada. Qaacidada kiimikada guud ee ay bixiyaan waa:
Mx/n[(AlO2)x(SiO2)y]⋅mH2O
halkaas ooMwaxay matalaysaa cations (tusaale ahaan, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺),nwaa qiimaha cation-ka, iyox/ygo'aamisa cabbirka daloolka.
Shaandho Molecular ah oo 3A ah
Potassium ion (K⁺)-la isweydaarsaday Nooca A shaandho molecular ah oo cabbirkeedu yahay ~3 Å (0.3 nm).
Astaamaha:
Waxay nuugtaa oo keliya molecules-ka biyaha (dhexroorka 2.8 Å), marka laga reebo molecules-ka waaweyn (tusaale ahaan, ethylene, propane).
Awood farsamo oo sare iyo iska caabin xooggan oo ku aaddan wasakhowga.
Codsiyada:
- Qallajinta qoto dheer ee ethanol iyo gaaska batroolka dareeraha ah.
- Fuuq-baxa qaboojiyaha.
- Ka hortagga qoyaanka ee balaastikada.
Shaandho Molecular ah oo 4A ah:
Nooca shaandhada molecular-ka ee ku salaysan Sodium ion (Na⁺) oo leh cabbir dalool ah oo ah 4 Å (0.4 nm).
Astaamaha:
Waxay nuugtaa molecules yaryar sida biyaha, methanol, ethanol, iyo CO₂.Si ballaaran ayaa loogu isticmaalaa codsiyada qalajinta warshadaha iyo macaamiisha.
Codsiyada:
- Qashinka ka saarista nidaamyada hawada ee la cadaadiyay.
- Ilaalinta qoyaanka ee daawooyinka iyo qaybaha elektaroonigga ah.
- Dhismaha saabuunta (jilicsanaanta biyaha).
Shaandho Molecular ah oo 5A ah
Kaalshiyam aayoon (Ca²⁺) oo la isweydaarsaday Nooca A shaandho molecular ah oo cabbirkeedu yahay 5 Å (0.5 nm).
Astaamaha:
- Waxay nuugtaa alkanes toosan (tusaale ahaan, C₃H₈, n-C₄H₁₀) laakiin waxay ka reebtaa hydrocarbons laamo leh.
- Waxaa loo isticmaalaa kala soocidda isomer-ka ee sifeynta batroolka.
Codsiyada: - Nadiifinta batroolka (hagaajinta sifooyinka socodka qabow ee naaftada).
- Kala soocidda oksijiinta-nitrogen-ka (soo saarista oksijiinta PSA).
- Nadiifinta gaaska dabiiciga ah (ka saarista H₂S iyo CO₂).
Shaandho Molecular ah oo 13X ah
Shaandho molecular ah oo nooca Sodium-ka ah oo leh cabbir dalool ah oo ah 10 Å (1.0 nm) iyo bedka sare ee dusha sare.
Astaamaha:
Awoodda nuugista gaarka ah ee molecules-ka waaweyn (tusaale ahaan, aromatics, hydrogen sulfide).
Si ballaaran ayaa loogu isticmaalaa nadiifinta gaaska iyo kala soocidda.
Codsiyada:
Kala soocidda hawada (soo saarista oksijiinta/nitrogen).
Qallajinta iyo kaarboonaynta gaaska dabiiciga ah (ka saarista CO₂).
Daaweynta gaaska qashinka warshadaha (VOCs nuugista).
13X HP (Waxqabad Sare)
Qeexitaan: Shaandho molecular ah oo 13X ah oo la habeeyay oo leh awood nuugis oo sareysa iyo xoog burburin.
Astaamaha:
- Awoodda nuugista 15–20% ka sarreysa tan caadiga ah ee 13X.
- Ku habboon deegaannada cadaadiska sare iyo qoyaanka sare leh.
Codsiyada: - Cutubyada kala soocidda hawada ee cryogenic.
- Soo saarista gaaska saafiga ah ee sare (tusaale ahaan, nitrogen-ka heerka elektaroonigga ah).
13X APG (Heerka Duulista Hawada)
Shaandho molecular ah oo 13X ah oo ku habboon duulista hawada oo leh boodh yar iyo xasillooni sare.
Astaamaha:
Waxay u hoggaansantaa heerarka duulista (tusaale ahaan, MIL-D-3464E).
U adkaysta nabaad-guurka socodka gaaska, cimri dheer oo adeeg ah.
Codsiyada:
Nidaamyada wareegga hawada ee diyaaradaha (soo saarista oksijiinta qolka).
Nadiifinta gaaska hawada sare.
Shaandhada Lithium Molecular (Li-LSX)
Shaandhada molecular-ka nooca X-ga ah ee Lithium-ion (Li⁺) oo lagu beddelay cabbir dalool ah oo ah ~9 Å.
Astaamaha:
- Xulasho xooggan oo loogu talagalay nuugista nitrogen (N₂), taasoo suurtogalinaysa kala soocidda oksijiinta iyo nitrojiin-ka oo hufan.
- Waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista oksijiin tayo sare leh.
- Codsiyada:
- Ururinta oksijiinta caafimaadka (>90% O₂ daahirnimo).
- Gubasho oksijiin ah oo ku badan foornada qaraxyada.
- Nidaamyada taageerada nolosha ee maraakiibta quusa iyo dayax-gacmeedyada.
| Nooca | Cabbirka daloolka | Nooca Cate | Molecules-ka ugu Muhiimsan ee la nuugo | Codsiga |
| 3X | 3 | K⁺ | H₂O | Fuuqbaxa Ethanol, qalajinta LPG |
| 4X | 4 | Na⁺ | H₂O, CO₂, CH₃OH | Qallajinta hawada, saabuunta |
| 5X | 5 | Ca²⁺ | n-alkanes, H₂S | Daadinta batroolka, PSA O₂ |
| 13X | 10 | Na⁺ | CO₂, H₂S, udgoon | Nadiifinta gaaska dabiiciga ah, kala soocidda hawada |
| 13X HP | 10 | Na⁺ (la hagaajiyay) | Molecules gaas oo waaweyn | Wax soo saarka gaaska saafiga ah oo sarreeya |
| 13X APG | 10 | Na⁺ (boor yar) | Nadiifinta gaaska duulista | Nidaamyada oksijiinta diyaaradaha |
| Li-LSX | 9 | Li⁺ | N₂ (doorbid) | Ururiyayaasha oksijiinta caafimaadka |
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-03-2025